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生态护坡设计原则

Design principles of ecological slope protection

1 水力稳定性原则

1 principle of hydraulic stability

护坡的设计首先应满足岸坡稳定的要求。岸坡的不稳定性因素主要有：① 由于岸坡面逐步冲刷引起的不稳定；② 由于表层土滑动破坏引起的不稳定；③ 由于深层土滑动引起的不稳定。因此，应对影响岸坡稳定的水力参数和土工技术参数进行研究，从而实现对护坡的水力稳定性设计。

The design of slope protection should first satisfy the requirements of bank slope stability. The main instability factors of bank slope are: (1) instability caused by progressive erosion of bank slope surface; (2) instability caused by surface soil sliding failure; and (3) instability caused by deep soil sliding. Therefore, it is necessary to study the hydraulic parameters and geotechnical parameters which affect the stability of bank slope, so as to realize the hydraulic stability design of slope protection.

2 生态原则

2 ecological principles

生态护坡设计应与生态过程相协调，尽量使其对环境的破坏影响达到最小。这种协调意味着设计应以尊重物种多样性，减少对资源的剥夺，保持营养和水循环，维持植物生境和动物栖息地的质量，有助于改善人居环境及生态系统的健康为总体原则。主要包含以下三个方面：

The ecological slope protection design should be coordinated with the ecological process, so as to minimize the damage to the environment. This coordination means that design should be based on the overall principles of respecting species diversity, reducing resource deprivation, maintaining nutrient and water cycles, maintaining the quality of plant and animal habitats, and contributing to the improvement of human settlements and the health of ecosystems. It mainly includes the following three aspects:

（1）当地原则。

(1) local principles.

设计应因地制宜，在对当地自然环境充分了解的基础上，进行与当地自然环境相和谐的设计。包括：①尊重传统文化和乡土知识；② 适应场所自然过程，设计时要将这些带有场所特征的自然因素考虑进去，从而维护场所的健康；③ 根据当地实际情况，尽量使用当地材料、植物和建材，使生态护坡与当地自然条件相和谐。

The design should be in accordance with local conditions, on the basis of full understanding of the local natural environment, the design should be in harmony with the local natural environment. These include: (1) respecting traditional culture and local knowledge; (2) adapting to the natural process of the site, taking these natural factors with site characteristics into account in the design, so as to maintain the health of the site; (3) using local materials, plants and building materials as much as possible according to local conditions, so as to make ecological slope protection in harmony with local natural conditions. .

（2）保护与节约自然资源原则。

(2) the principle of conservation and conservation of natural resources.

对于自然生态系统的物流和能流，生态设计强调的解决之道有4条：①保护不可再生资源，不是万不得已，不得使用；②尽可能减少能源、土地、水、生物资源的使用，提高使用效率；③利用原有材料，包括植被、土壤、砖石等服务于新的功能，可以大大节约资源和能源的耗费；④尽量让护坡处于良性循环中，从而使资源可以再生。

For the logistics and energy flow of natural ecosystems, ecological design emphasizes the following four solutions: (1) protection of non-renewable resources is not an absolute necessity, must not be used; (2) minimizing the use of energy, land, water, biological resources, improve the efficiency of use; and (3) using the original materials, including vegetation, soil, brick and stone. Serving the new functions can greatly save resources and energy consumption; 4. Try to keep the slope protection in a virtuous cycle, so that resources can be renewed.

（3）回归自然原则。

(3) the principle of returning to nature.

自然生态系统为维持人类生存和满足其需要提供各种条件和过程，这就是所谓的生态系统的服务。着重体现在：① 自然界没有废物，每一个健康生态系统，都有完善的食物链和营养级，所以生态设计应使系统处于健康状态；②边缘效应，在两个或多个不同的生态系统边缘带，有更活跃的能流和物流，具有丰富的物种和更高的生产力，也是生物群落最丰富、生态效益最高的地段，河道岸坡作为水体生态与陆地生态之间的边缘带，在设计时应充分考虑其边缘效应；③生物多样性，保持有效数量的动植物种群，保护各种类型及多种演替阶段的生态系统，尊重各种生态过程及自然的干扰，包括自然火灾过程、旱雨季的交替规律以及洪水的季节性泛滥。

Natural ecosystems provide a variety of conditions and processes to maintain human survival and meet their needs, which is called ecosystem services. It is emphasized that: (1) there is no waste in nature, and every healthy ecosystem has a perfect food chain and nutritional level, so the ecological design should make the system in a healthy state; (2) the edge effect, in two or more different ecosystem edges, has more active energy flow and logistics, rich species and higher. Productivity is also the most abundant and ecologically efficient section of the community. As the marginal zone between water and terrestrial ecology, river bank slopes should be designed with full consideration of their marginal effects. 3. Biodiversity should be maintained to maintain an effective number of plant and animal populations and protect the ecosystems of various types and stages of succession. We should respect all kinds of ecological processes and natural disturbances, including natural fire processes, alternation of dry and rainy seasons, and seasonal flooding of floods.