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13种常见的生态护坡技术

13 common ecological slope protection techniques

一、人工种草护坡

1. Artificial grass revetment

人工种草护坡，是通过人工在边坡坡面简单播撒草种的一种传统边坡植物防护措施。多用于边坡高度不高、坡度较缓且适宜草类生长的土质路堑和路堤边坡防护工程。

Artificial planting grass protection is a traditional slope plant protection method by simply spreading grass seeds artificially on the slope surface. It is mainly used for soil cutting and embankment slope protection works with low slope height, slow slope and suitable grass growth.

特点：施工简单、造价低廉等。

Features: simple construction, low cost and so on.

缺点：由于草籽播撒不均匀，草籽易被雨水冲走，种草成活率低等原因，往往达不到满意的边坡防护效果，而造成坡面冲沟，表土流失等边坡病害，导致大量的边坡病害整治、修复工程，使得该技术近年应用较少。

Shortcomings: due to the uneven dissemination of grass seed, the grass seed easily washed away by the rain and the low survival rate of grass, it often does not reach the satisfactory effect of slope protection, which causes the slope surface gully and the loss of surface soil with equal side slope disease, which leads to a large number of slope diseases renovation and repair engineering, making this technology less applied in recent years.

小记：该方法局限性很大，缺点也很明显，可以考虑椰网(或椰毯)铺设法替代，既生态，施工也方便。

Note: this method has great limitations and obvious disadvantages. It can consider coconut nets (or coconut blanket) shops to replace them, which is both ecological and convenient for construction.

二、土工格室植草护坡

Two. Grass protection in geocell

土工格室植草护坡是指在展开并固定在坡面上的土工格室内填充改良客土，然后在格室上挂三维植被网，进行喷播施工的一种护坡技术。利用土工格室为草坪生长提供稳定、良好的生存环境。

The geotextile chamber slope protection is a kind of slope protection technology which is used to fill and fix the soil in the geotextile on the slope surface, and then hang the three dimensional vegetation network on the grid and carry out the construction of the slope protection. Use geocell to provide stable and good living environment for lawn growth.

特点：采用土工格室植草，可使不毛之地的边坡充分绿化，带孔的格式还能增加坡面的排水性能。适合于坡度较缓的泥岩、灰岩、砂岩等岩质路堑边坡。

Characteristics: using geocell to plant grass can make the slope of the barren land full of greening, and the formatting with holes can also increase the drainage performance of the slope. It is suitable for cutting slopes with mudstone, limestone and sandstone with gentle slope.

缺点：要求边坡坡度较缓。

Shortcomings: the slope of the slope is required to be slow.

三、蜂巢式网格植草护坡

Three. Beehive grid gridding and slope protection

蜂巢式网格植草护坡，是一项类似于干砌片石护坡的边坡防护技术。是在修整好的边坡坡面上拼铺正六边形混凝土框砖形成蜂巢式网格后，在网格内铺填种植土，再在砖框内栽草或种草的一项边坡防护措施。

Honeycomb mesh grass planting slope protection is a slope protection technology similar to dry stone rubble revetment. It is a slope protection measure for planting the soil in the grid and planting grass or grass in the brick frame after the honeycomb grid of the hexagonal concrete frame brick is laid on the trimmed slope surface.

特点：该技术所用框砖可在预制场批量生产，其受力结构合理，拼铺在边坡上能有效地分散坡面雨水径流，减缓水流速度，防止坡面冲刷，保护草皮生长。这种护坡施工简单，外观齐整，造型美观大方，具有边坡防护、绿化双重效果。

Characteristics: the frame brick used in this technology can be produced in the prefabricated field, and its stress structure is reasonable. It can effectively disperse the slope runoff on the slope, slow down the speed of water flow, prevent the erosion of the slope and protect the growth of the turf. This kind of slope protection is simple in construction, uniform in appearance and beautiful in appearance. It has double effects of slope protection and greening.

缺点：造价较高，高于浆砌片石骨架护坡，多用于填方边坡的防护，且由于草与草之间被混凝土框砖块隔离，在整体的固土效果方面效果不是很好。

Shortcomings: high cost, higher than the slurry stone framework slope protection, more used for the protection of the fill slope, and the grass and grass between the concrete frame brick isolation, the overall effect of soil consolidation is not very good.

四、植生基质植物护坡

Four, plant matrix plant slope protection

植生基质植物护坡是在稳定边坡上安装锚杆挂网后，使用直升机专用喷射即将搅拌均匀的材料雨水的混合物喷射至坡面上，植物依靠植生基质材料生长发育，形成植物护坡的施工技术，具有边坡防护、恢复植被的双重作用，可以取代传统的锚喷防护和砌石护坡等措施。其基本结构为：锚杆(钉)、网和植生基质3部分。

The planting matrix plant protection slope is the installation of the anchor net on the stable slope, and the mixture of the uniform material rain is sprayed to the slope by the helicopter. The plant depends on the growth of the substrate material and forms the construction technology of the plant slope protection, which has the dual function of slope protection and restoration of vegetation. In order to replace the traditional measures such as anchoring and spray protection and masonry slope protection. The basic structure is 3 parts: anchor (nail), mesh and vegetation matrix.

特点：解决了普通绿化达不到的施工工艺效果;不受地质条件的限制。

Features: it solves the construction effect that ordinary greening can not reach, and is not restricted by geological conditions.

缺点：施工技术相对较难，工程量较大;喷播的基质材料厚度较薄，被太阳照晒后容易“崩壳”脱落;喷播的基质材料厚度较厚，重量过大，则挂网容易下掉;工程造价较高、投资较大。

Disadvantages: the construction technology is relatively difficult and the quantity of the engineering is large; the thickness of the matrix material of the sprayed sowing is thinner, it is easy to fall off after the sun is Sunsun; the thickness of the matrix material and the heavy weight of the sprayed sowing are easy to drop off; the engineering cost is higher and the investment is larger.

五、框格内填土植草护坡

Five. Grasses are filled with grass and slope protection

框格内填土植被护坡是指先在边坡上用预制框格或混凝土砌筑框格，再在框格内置土种植绿色植物。为固定客土，可与土工格室植草护坡、三维植被网护坡、浆砌片石骨架植草护坡、蜂巢式网格植草护坡结合使用。该方法造价高，一般仅在那些浅层稳定性差且难以绿化的高陡岩坡和贫瘠土坡中采用。

In the box, the vegetative slope protection means using precast sash or concrete masonry sash on the slope and planting green plants in the grid. It can be used in conjunction with geocell, grass planting, slope protection, three-dimensional vegetation net slope protection, slurry masonry, grass planting and slope protection. The method is of high cost and is generally applied only to those high steep slopes and poor soil slopes with poor shallow stability and difficulty in afforestation.

六、液压喷播植草护坡

Six. Hydraulic sowing planting grass and slope protection

液压喷播植草护坡，是国外近十多年新开发的一项边坡植物防护措施，是将草籽、肥料、粘着剂、纸浆、土壤改良剂上、色素等按一定比例在混合箱内配水搅匀，通过机械加压喷射到边坡坡面而完成植草施工的。

Planting grass and slope protection by hydraulic sowing is a new protective measure for slope plants developed in the past more than 10 years. It is the construction of grass planting by mixing grass seed, fertilizer, adhesive, pulp, soil improver, pigment in a certain proportion and mixing water in a mixed box by mechanical pressure.

特点：①施工简单、速度快;②施工质量高，草籽喷播均匀发芽快、整齐一致;③防护效果好，正常情况下，喷播一个月后坡面植物覆盖率可达70%以上，二个月后形成防护、绿化功能;④适用性广。目前，国内液压喷播植草护坡在公路、铁路、城市建设等部门边坡防护与绿化工程中使用较多。

Features: (1) simple construction and fast speed; high quality of construction, fast and uniform sprouting of grass seed spraying; good protective effect. Under normal conditions, the coverage rate of plant cover can reach more than 70% after a month of spraying. After two months, the protection and greening function are formed; 4. At present, the domestic hydraulic spray planting grass protection slope is used more frequently in slope protection and greening projects such as highway, railway and urban construction.

缺点：固土保水能力低，容易形成径流沟和侵蚀;施工者容易偷工减料做假，形成表面现象;因品种选择不当和混合材料不够，后期容易造成水土流失或冲沟。

Shortcomings: low water retention capacity, easy to form runoff gully and erosion; builders are easy to steal material to make fake, form a surface phenomenon; because of improper selection of varieties and lack of mixed materials, it is easy to cause soil erosion or gully in the later period.

七、客土植生植物护坡

Seven. The slope protection of plant plants

客土植生植物护坡，是将保水剂、粘合剂、抗蒸腾剂、团粒剂、植物纤维、泥炭土、腐殖土、缓释复合肥等一类材料制成客土，经过专用机械搅拌后吹附到坡面上，形成一定厚度的客土层，然后将选好的种子同木纤维、粘合剂、保水剂、复合肥、缓释营养液经过喷薄机搅拌后喷附到坡面客土层中。

It is a kind of material, such as water retaining agent, adhesive, anti transpiration agent, pellet agent, plant fiber, peat soil, humus soil, humus soil, sustained release compound fertilizer and so on. After special mechanical agitation, it is blown on the slope surface to form a certain thickness of the soil layer, and then the selected seeds are with wood fiber and adhesive. The water retaining agent, compound fertilizer and slow release nutrient solution were sprayed onto the slope soil layer after mixing by the spray machine.

优点：可以根据地质和气候条件进行基质和种子配方，从而具有广泛的适应性，客土与坡面的结合，牢固土层的透气性和肥力好，抗旱性较好，机械化程度高，速度快，施工简淡，工期短，植被防护效果好，基本不需要养护就可维持植物的正常生长。该法适用于坡度

Advantages: the matrix and seed formula can be made according to the geological and climatic conditions, so it has extensive adaptability, combination of soil and slope, good permeability and fertility of soil, good drought resistance, high mechanization, fast speed, short construction period, good protective effect of vegetation, and basically no need for maintenance. It can maintain normal growth of plants. The method is applicable to the slope