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河道生态护坡七种常用形式
河道生态护坡七种常用形式
Seven common forms of ecological slope protection in river course
1.生态护坡的定义
1. definition of ecological slope protection
生态护坡，是综合工程力学、土壤学、生态学和植物学等学科的基本知识对斜坡或边坡进行支护，形成由植物或工程和植物组成的综合护坡系统的护坡技术。
Ecological slope protection is the basic knowledge of engineering mechanics, soil science, ecology and botany to support slope or slope, and form the slope protection technology of comprehensive slope protection system composed of plants and plants and plants.
开挖边坡形成以后，通过种植植物，利用植物与岩、土体的相互作用(根系锚固作用)对边坡表层进行防护、加固，使之既能满足对边坡表层稳定的要求，又能恢复被破坏的自然生态环境的护坡方式，是一种有效的护坡、固坡手段。
After the excavation of the slope, the slope surface is protected and strengthened by the plant and the interaction between the plant and rock and soil (root anchorage). It can not only meet the requirements of the slope surface stability, but also restore the damaged natural ecological environment. It is an effective means of slope protection and slope protection. .
2.生态护坡的功能
2. function of ecological slope protection
（1）护坡功能：植被有深根锚固、浅根加筋的作用；
(1) slope protection function: vegetation has deep root anchorage and shallow root reinforcement.
（2）防止水土流失：能降低坡体孔隙水压力、截留降雨、削弱溅蚀、控制土粒流失；
(2) to prevent soil erosion: it can reduce pore water pressure, intercept rainfall, weaken splash erosion and control soil erosion.
（3）改善环境功能：植被能恢复被破坏的生态环境，促进有机污染物的降解，净化空气，调节小气候。
(3) Improving environmental functions: vegetation can restore the damaged ecological environment, promote the degradation of organic pollutants, purify the air, and regulate the microclimate.
3.生态护坡的形式
3. form of ecological slope protection
常用的生态护坡形式有植物型护坡、土工材料复合种植基护坡、生态石笼护坡、植被型生态混凝土护坡、生态袋护坡、多孔结构护坡、自嵌式挡土墙护坡等。
The common forms of ecological slope protection include slope protection of plant type, compound planting foundation of geotextile, ecological stone cage slope protection, ecological slope protection of vegetation type ecological concrete, ecological bag slope protection, porous structure slope protection, and self embedded retaining wall.
（1）植物型护坡
(1) plant type slope protection
通过在岸坡种植植被 ,利用植物发达根系的力学效应(深根锚固和浅根加筋) 和水文效应(降低孔压、削弱溅蚀和控制径流)进行护坡固土、防止水土流失,在满足生态环境的需要的同时进行景观造景。
By planting vegetation on the bank slope, using the mechanical effects of the developed roots of plants (deep root anchorage and shallow root reinforcement) and hydrologic effect (reducing pore pressure, weakening splash erosion and controlling runoff), soil and soil erosion can be protected by slope protection and prevention of soil erosion, so as to meet the needs of the ecological environment.
优点：主要应用于水流条件平缓的中小河流和湖泊港湾处。固土植物一般应选择耐酸碱性、耐高温干旱,同时应具有根系发达、生长快、绿期长、成活率高、价格经济、管理粗放、抗病虫害的特点。
Advantages: it is mainly used in small rivers and lakes with gentle flow conditions. Soil fixing plants should generally choose acid and alkaline resistance, high temperature and drought resistance, at the same time, it should have the characteristics of developed roots, fast growth, long green period, high survival rate, price economy, extensive management, and disease resistant insect pests.
缺点：抗冲刷能力较弱。
Shortcomings: the ability to resist scour is weak.
（2）土工材料复合种植基护坡
(2) composite planting foundation slope protection of Geotextile
此类护坡分为3种。
This kind of slope protection is divided into 3 kinds.
a.土工网垫固土种植基护坡
Soil cushion and solid soil slope protection by A. geo network
主要由网垫、种植土和草籽3部分组成。
It is mainly composed of 3 parts: mesh mat, planting soil and grass seed.
优点：1.固土效果好；2.抗冲刷能力强；3.经济环保。
Advantages: 1. solid soil effect is good; 2. anti erosion ability; 3., economic and environmental protection.
缺点：1.抗暴雨冲刷能力仍然较弱,取决于植物的生长情况；2.在水位线附近及以下不适用该技术。
Disadvantages: 1. The ability to resist rainstorm erosion is still weak, depending on the growth of plants; 2. The technology is not applicable near and below the water level.
b.土工单元固土种植基护坡
B. geotextile for soil fixed slope protection
土工单元种植基,是利用聚丙烯等片状材料经热熔粘连成蜂窝状的网片,在蜂窝状单元中填土植草,起到固土护坡作用。
The soil unit implant base is to use polypropylene and other flake materials to melt into the honeycomb mesh, fill the soil in the honeycomb cell and plant the grass, and play the role of retaining the soil and protecting the slope.
优点：1.材料轻、耐磨损、抗老化、韧性好、抗冲击力强、运输方便。2.施工方法方便,并可多次利用。
Advantages: 1. light weight, wear resistance, aging resistance, good toughness, strong impact resistance and convenient transportation. 2. the construction method is convenient and can be used many times.
缺点：适用的河道坡度不能太陡,水流不能太急,水位变动不宜过大。
Disadvantages: the slope of the applicable River should not be too steep, the water flow should not be too urgent, and the water level change should not be too large.
c.土工格栅固土种植基护坡
C. geotextile grille fixed soil slope protection
格栅是由聚丙烯、聚录乙烯等高分子聚合物经热塑或模压而成的二维网格状或具有一定高度的三维立体网格屏栅,在土木工程中被称为土工格栅。土工格栅分为塑料土工格栅、钢塑土工格栅、玻璃土工格栅和玻纤聚酯土工格栅4大类。
Grille is a two-dimensional grid or a three-dimensional grid with a certain height, which is made by thermoplastic or mould pressure of polypropylene, polyethylene and other polymers. In civil engineering, it is called geogrid. Geogrids are divided into 4 categories: Plastic geogrids, steel plastic geogrids, glass geogrids and fiberglass polyester geogrids.
优点: 1.具有较强抗冲刷能力,能有效防止河岸垮塌;
Advantages: 1., it has strong erosion resistance and can effectively prevent bank collapse.
2.造价较低,运输方便,施工简单,工期短;
2. the cost is low, the transportation is convenient, the construction is simple, the construction period is short.
3.土工格栅耐老化,抗高低温。
3. geogrid is resistant to aging and resistance to high and low temperature.
缺点：当土工格栅裸露时, 经太阳暴晒会缩短其使用寿命; 部分聚丙烯材料的土工格栅遇火能燃烧。
Disadvantages: When geogrids are exposed, exposure to the sun can shorten their service life; some polypropylene geogrids can burn when exposed to fire.
（3）生态石笼护坡
(3) ecological stone cage slope protection
石笼网是由高抗腐蚀、高强度、有一定延展性的低碳钢丝包裹上PVC材料后使用机械编织而成的箱型结构。根据材质外形可分为格宾护坡、雷诺护坡、合金网兜等。
Stone cage net is a box structure which is made of PVC wrapped by low carbon steel wire with high corrosion resistance, high strength and certain ductility. According to the shape of the material, it can be divided into three categories: rib bin, Reynolds revetment, alloy mesh pocket, etc.
优点：1.具有较强的整体性、透水性、抗冲刷性、生态适宜性；2.应用面广；3.有利于自然植物的生长,使岸坡环境得到改善；4.造价低、经济实惠,运输方便。
Advantages: 1. has strong integrity, water permeability, anti scouring, ecological suitability; 2. applications are wide; 3. is beneficial to the growth of natural plants, and the environment of the bank is improved; 4. low cost, economical and convenient transportation.
缺点：由于该护坡主体以石块填充为主,需要大量的石材,因此在平原地区的适用性不强; 在局部互岸破损后需要及时补救,以免内部石材泄露,影响岸坡的稳定性。
Shortcomings: because the main body of the slope protection is mainly filled with stone block, it needs a lot of stone, so it is not suitable in the plain area; it needs remedial in time to avoid the leakage of stone and the stability of the slope.
（4）植被型生态混凝土护坡
(4) vegetation type ecological concrete slope protection
生态混凝土是一种性能介于普通混凝土和耕植土之间的新型材料,由多孔混凝土、保水材料、缓释肥料和表层土组成。
Ecological concrete is a new type of material between ordinary concrete and cultivated soil, which is composed of porous concrete, water retaining material, slow release fertilizer and surface soil.
优点：1.可为植物生长提供基质；2.抗冲刷性能好；3.护坡孔隙率高,为动物及微生物提供繁殖场所；4.材料的高透气性在很大程度上保证了被保护土与空气间的湿热交换能力。
Advantages: 1. can provide matrix for plant growth; 2. anti scouring performance; high porosity of 3. slope protection, providing breeding ground for animals and microorganisms; high permeability of 4. material to a great extent ensures the moisture and heat exchange between protected soil and air.
缺点: 1.降碱处理问题；2.强度及耐久性有待验证；3.可再播种性需进一步验证；4.护岸价格偏高。
Disadvantages: 1. alkali treatment; 2. strength and durability to be verified; 3. seedability to be further verified; 4. high bank protection prices.
（5）生态袋护坡
(5) ecological bag slope protection
生态袋是采用专用机械设备,依据特定的生产工艺,把肥料、草种和保水剂按一定密度定植在可自然降解的无纺布或其他材料上,并经机器的滚压和针刺等工序而形成的产品。
An ecological bag is a product formed by using special mechanical equipment to plant fertilizer, grass seed and water retention agent on a natural degradation non-woven fabric or other material according to a specific production process, and through the rolling and needling processes of the machine.
优点: 1.稳定性较强; 2.具有透水不透土的过滤功能; 3.利于生态系统的快速恢复; 4.施工简单快捷。
Advantages: 1. Strong stability; 2. Permeable and impermeable filtration function; 3. Facilitate the rapid restoration of the ecosystem; 4. Simple and fast construction.
缺点：1.易老化,生态袋内植物种子再生问题。2.生态袋孔隙过大袋状物易在水流冲刷下带出袋体,造成沉降,影响岸坡稳定;
Disadvantages: 1., easy to aging, the problem of plant seed regeneration in ecological bags. 2. the oversize pocket of ecological bag is easy to carry out the bag under the current flow, causing settlement and affecting the stability of bank slope.
（6）多孔结构护坡
(6) porous structure slope protection
多孔结构护坡是利用多孔砖进行植草的一类护坡,常
Slope protection with porous structure is a kind of slope protection by using porous bricks for planting grass.
Seven common forms of ecological slope protection in river course
1.生态护坡的定义
1. definition of ecological slope protection
生态护坡，是综合工程力学、土壤学、生态学和植物学等学科的基本知识对斜坡或边坡进行支护，形成由植物或工程和植物组成的综合护坡系统的护坡技术。
Ecological slope protection is the basic knowledge of engineering mechanics, soil science, ecology and botany to support slope or slope, and form the slope protection technology of comprehensive slope protection system composed of plants and plants and plants.
开挖边坡形成以后，通过种植植物，利用植物与岩、土体的相互作用(根系锚固作用)对边坡表层进行防护、加固，使之既能满足对边坡表层稳定的要求，又能恢复被破坏的自然生态环境的护坡方式，是一种有效的护坡、固坡手段。
After the excavation of the slope, the slope surface is protected and strengthened by the plant and the interaction between the plant and rock and soil (root anchorage). It can not only meet the requirements of the slope surface stability, but also restore the damaged natural ecological environment. It is an effective means of slope protection and slope protection. .
2.生态护坡的功能
2. function of ecological slope protection
（1）护坡功能：植被有深根锚固、浅根加筋的作用；
(1) slope protection function: vegetation has deep root anchorage and shallow root reinforcement.
（2）防止水土流失：能降低坡体孔隙水压力、截留降雨、削弱溅蚀、控制土粒流失；
(2) to prevent soil erosion: it can reduce pore water pressure, intercept rainfall, weaken splash erosion and control soil erosion.
（3）改善环境功能：植被能恢复被破坏的生态环境，促进有机污染物的降解，净化空气，调节小气候。
(3) Improving environmental functions: vegetation can restore the damaged ecological environment, promote the degradation of organic pollutants, purify the air, and regulate the microclimate.
3.生态护坡的形式
3. form of ecological slope protection
常用的生态护坡形式有植物型护坡、土工材料复合种植基护坡、生态石笼护坡、植被型生态混凝土护坡、生态袋护坡、多孔结构护坡、自嵌式挡土墙护坡等。
The common forms of ecological slope protection include slope protection of plant type, compound planting foundation of geotextile, ecological stone cage slope protection, ecological slope protection of vegetation type ecological concrete, ecological bag slope protection, porous structure slope protection, and self embedded retaining wall.
（1）植物型护坡
(1) plant type slope protection
通过在岸坡种植植被 ,利用植物发达根系的力学效应(深根锚固和浅根加筋) 和水文效应(降低孔压、削弱溅蚀和控制径流)进行护坡固土、防止水土流失,在满足生态环境的需要的同时进行景观造景。
By planting vegetation on the bank slope, using the mechanical effects of the developed roots of plants (deep root anchorage and shallow root reinforcement) and hydrologic effect (reducing pore pressure, weakening splash erosion and controlling runoff), soil and soil erosion can be protected by slope protection and prevention of soil erosion, so as to meet the needs of the ecological environment.
优点：主要应用于水流条件平缓的中小河流和湖泊港湾处。固土植物一般应选择耐酸碱性、耐高温干旱,同时应具有根系发达、生长快、绿期长、成活率高、价格经济、管理粗放、抗病虫害的特点。
Advantages: it is mainly used in small rivers and lakes with gentle flow conditions. Soil fixing plants should generally choose acid and alkaline resistance, high temperature and drought resistance, at the same time, it should have the characteristics of developed roots, fast growth, long green period, high survival rate, price economy, extensive management, and disease resistant insect pests.
缺点：抗冲刷能力较弱。
Shortcomings: the ability to resist scour is weak.
（2）土工材料复合种植基护坡
(2) composite planting foundation slope protection of Geotextile
此类护坡分为3种。
This kind of slope protection is divided into 3 kinds.
a.土工网垫固土种植基护坡
Soil cushion and solid soil slope protection by A. geo network
主要由网垫、种植土和草籽3部分组成。
It is mainly composed of 3 parts: mesh mat, planting soil and grass seed.
优点：1.固土效果好；2.抗冲刷能力强；3.经济环保。
Advantages: 1. solid soil effect is good; 2. anti erosion ability; 3., economic and environmental protection.
缺点：1.抗暴雨冲刷能力仍然较弱,取决于植物的生长情况；2.在水位线附近及以下不适用该技术。
Disadvantages: 1. The ability to resist rainstorm erosion is still weak, depending on the growth of plants; 2. The technology is not applicable near and below the water level.
b.土工单元固土种植基护坡
B. geotextile for soil fixed slope protection
土工单元种植基,是利用聚丙烯等片状材料经热熔粘连成蜂窝状的网片,在蜂窝状单元中填土植草,起到固土护坡作用。
The soil unit implant base is to use polypropylene and other flake materials to melt into the honeycomb mesh, fill the soil in the honeycomb cell and plant the grass, and play the role of retaining the soil and protecting the slope.
优点：1.材料轻、耐磨损、抗老化、韧性好、抗冲击力强、运输方便。2.施工方法方便,并可多次利用。
Advantages: 1. light weight, wear resistance, aging resistance, good toughness, strong impact resistance and convenient transportation. 2. the construction method is convenient and can be used many times.
缺点：适用的河道坡度不能太陡,水流不能太急,水位变动不宜过大。
Disadvantages: the slope of the applicable River should not be too steep, the water flow should not be too urgent, and the water level change should not be too large.
c.土工格栅固土种植基护坡
C. geotextile grille fixed soil slope protection
格栅是由聚丙烯、聚录乙烯等高分子聚合物经热塑或模压而成的二维网格状或具有一定高度的三维立体网格屏栅,在土木工程中被称为土工格栅。土工格栅分为塑料土工格栅、钢塑土工格栅、玻璃土工格栅和玻纤聚酯土工格栅4大类。
Grille is a two-dimensional grid or a three-dimensional grid with a certain height, which is made by thermoplastic or mould pressure of polypropylene, polyethylene and other polymers. In civil engineering, it is called geogrid. Geogrids are divided into 4 categories: Plastic geogrids, steel plastic geogrids, glass geogrids and fiberglass polyester geogrids.
优点: 1.具有较强抗冲刷能力,能有效防止河岸垮塌;
Advantages: 1., it has strong erosion resistance and can effectively prevent bank collapse.
2.造价较低,运输方便,施工简单,工期短;
2. the cost is low, the transportation is convenient, the construction is simple, the construction period is short.
3.土工格栅耐老化,抗高低温。
3. geogrid is resistant to aging and resistance to high and low temperature.
缺点：当土工格栅裸露时, 经太阳暴晒会缩短其使用寿命; 部分聚丙烯材料的土工格栅遇火能燃烧。
Disadvantages: When geogrids are exposed, exposure to the sun can shorten their service life; some polypropylene geogrids can burn when exposed to fire.
（3）生态石笼护坡
(3) ecological stone cage slope protection
石笼网是由高抗腐蚀、高强度、有一定延展性的低碳钢丝包裹上PVC材料后使用机械编织而成的箱型结构。根据材质外形可分为格宾护坡、雷诺护坡、合金网兜等。
Stone cage net is a box structure which is made of PVC wrapped by low carbon steel wire with high corrosion resistance, high strength and certain ductility. According to the shape of the material, it can be divided into three categories: rib bin, Reynolds revetment, alloy mesh pocket, etc.
优点：1.具有较强的整体性、透水性、抗冲刷性、生态适宜性；2.应用面广；3.有利于自然植物的生长,使岸坡环境得到改善；4.造价低、经济实惠,运输方便。
Advantages: 1. has strong integrity, water permeability, anti scouring, ecological suitability; 2. applications are wide; 3. is beneficial to the growth of natural plants, and the environment of the bank is improved; 4. low cost, economical and convenient transportation.
缺点：由于该护坡主体以石块填充为主,需要大量的石材,因此在平原地区的适用性不强; 在局部互岸破损后需要及时补救,以免内部石材泄露,影响岸坡的稳定性。
Shortcomings: because the main body of the slope protection is mainly filled with stone block, it needs a lot of stone, so it is not suitable in the plain area; it needs remedial in time to avoid the leakage of stone and the stability of the slope.
（4）植被型生态混凝土护坡
(4) vegetation type ecological concrete slope protection
生态混凝土是一种性能介于普通混凝土和耕植土之间的新型材料,由多孔混凝土、保水材料、缓释肥料和表层土组成。
Ecological concrete is a new type of material between ordinary concrete and cultivated soil, which is composed of porous concrete, water retaining material, slow release fertilizer and surface soil.
优点：1.可为植物生长提供基质；2.抗冲刷性能好；3.护坡孔隙率高,为动物及微生物提供繁殖场所；4.材料的高透气性在很大程度上保证了被保护土与空气间的湿热交换能力。
Advantages: 1. can provide matrix for plant growth; 2. anti scouring performance; high porosity of 3. slope protection, providing breeding ground for animals and microorganisms; high permeability of 4. material to a great extent ensures the moisture and heat exchange between protected soil and air.
缺点: 1.降碱处理问题；2.强度及耐久性有待验证；3.可再播种性需进一步验证；4.护岸价格偏高。
Disadvantages: 1. alkali treatment; 2. strength and durability to be verified; 3. seedability to be further verified; 4. high bank protection prices.
（5）生态袋护坡
(5) ecological bag slope protection
生态袋是采用专用机械设备,依据特定的生产工艺,把肥料、草种和保水剂按一定密度定植在可自然降解的无纺布或其他材料上,并经机器的滚压和针刺等工序而形成的产品。
An ecological bag is a product formed by using special mechanical equipment to plant fertilizer, grass seed and water retention agent on a natural degradation non-woven fabric or other material according to a specific production process, and through the rolling and needling processes of the machine.
优点: 1.稳定性较强; 2.具有透水不透土的过滤功能; 3.利于生态系统的快速恢复; 4.施工简单快捷。
Advantages: 1. Strong stability; 2. Permeable and impermeable filtration function; 3. Facilitate the rapid restoration of the ecosystem; 4. Simple and fast construction.
缺点：1.易老化,生态袋内植物种子再生问题。2.生态袋孔隙过大袋状物易在水流冲刷下带出袋体,造成沉降,影响岸坡稳定;
Disadvantages: 1., easy to aging, the problem of plant seed regeneration in ecological bags. 2. the oversize pocket of ecological bag is easy to carry out the bag under the current flow, causing settlement and affecting the stability of bank slope.
（6）多孔结构护坡
(6) porous structure slope protection
多孔结构护坡是利用多孔砖进行植草的一类护坡,常
Slope protection with porous structure is a kind of slope protection by using porous bricks for planting grass.
